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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Karel Lambert ： ウィキペディア英語版 Karel Lambert Karel Lambert (born 1928) is a philosopher and logician at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Salzburg. He has written extensively on the subject of free logic, a term which he coined. ==Lambert's Law== Lambert's Law is the major principle in any free definite description theory that says: For all x, x = the y (A) if and only if (A(x/y) & for all y (if A then y = x)). Free logic itself is an adjustment of a given standard predicate logic such as to relieve it of existential assumptions, and so make it a free logic. Taking Bertrand Russell's predicate logic in his ''Principia Mathematica'' as standard, one replaces universal instantiation, $\backslash forall\; x\; \backslash ,\backslash phi\; x\; \backslash rightarrow\; \backslash phi\; y$, with universal specification $(\backslash forall\; x\; \backslash ,\backslash phi\; x\; \backslash and\; E!y\; \backslash ,\backslash phi\; y)\; \backslash rightarrow\; \backslash phi\; z$. Thus universal statements, like "All men are mortal," or "Everything is a unicorn," do not presuppose that there are men or that there is anything. These would be symbolized, with the appropriate predicates, as $\backslash forall\; x\backslash ,(Mx\; \backslash rightarrow\; Lx)$ and $\backslash forall\; x\backslash ,\; Ux$, which in ''Principia Mathematica'' entail $\backslash exists\; x\backslash ,(Mx\; \backslash and\; Lx)$ and $\backslash exists\; x\backslash ,Ux$, but not in free logic. The truth of these last statements, when used in a free logic, depend on the domain of quantification, which may be the null set. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karel Lambert」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.